bell hooks
- Feminist theory, but significantly different to Van Zoonen
- Feminism advocates equal rights between men and women
- "Feminism is for everyone"
- But how?
- Race, class, gender, sexuality, ethnicity, and a whole range of other factors are all tied together
- bell hook's theory is a far more inclusive theory of feminism
- This concept is known as intersectionality
- The representation of women can also affect the representation of men, and the way in which they are treated in society.
- For example, hooks argued that many huge responsibilities are placed on men by the stereotypical representation of women,
- Words such as 'pussy' and 'sissy' and other gendered or homophobic language against men who show emotion may stop them from doing so
- Representations in media products are therefore all linked and extremely complicated!
- KOTV reinforces assumptions about men being dominant and women being sexualised, which in turn reinforces patriarchal hegemony
Paul Gilroy
- Postcolonial attitudes
- The British Empire as we know it has collapsed
- Postcolonial attitudes still exists
- There are still racial hierarchies in out society, where some races are considered superior to others
- Binary oppositions are used to 'other' ethnic minorities
- Othering is where a group is represented as being different from 'us', and a group is represented as being 'abnormal'
- KOTV only features white characters, which reinforces the notion of racial hierarchy
Manuel Alvarado
There are only four representations of non white characters in media products
Humorous - this character is simply there to be funny. The comic relief. Buddy in Free Guy, detective Carter in Rush Hour, and Kevin Hart in everything. Also Jackie Chan.
Threatening - delinquent, aggressive, violent
Exotic - sexually attractive, sexualised, and sexually promiscuous
Pathetic - pitied, vulnerable, requiring help